Sputnik 1 Russian Russian is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages, and the largest native language in Europe. Russian belongs to the family of Indo-European languages and is one of three (or four including Rusyn) living members of the East Slavic languages. Written examples of Old East Slavonic are: "Спутник-1" Russian pronunciation: [ˈsputʲnʲək], "Satellite-1", ПС-1 (PS-1, i.e. "Простейший Спутник-1", or Elementary Satellite-1)) was the first Earth-orbiting artificial satellite In the context of spaceflight, a satellite is an object which has been placed into orbit by human endeavor. Such objects are sometimes called artificial satellites to distinguish them from natural satellites such as the Moon. It was launched into an elliptical low Earth orbit A low Earth orbit is generally defined as an orbit within the locus extending from the Earth’s surface up to an altitude of 2,000 km. Given the rapid orbital decay of objects below approximately 200 km, the commonly accepted definition for LEO is between 160 - 2,000 km (100 - 1,240 miles) above the Earth's surface by the Soviet Union The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. The name is a translation of the Russian: Союз Советских Социалистических Республик (help·info), tr. Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik, IPA [sɐˈjʊs sɐˈvʲeʦkʲɪx səʦɪ on 4 October 1957, and was the first in a series of satellites collectively known as the Sputnik program The Sputnik program was a series of robotic spacecraft missions launched by the Soviet Union. The first of these, Sputnik 1, launched the first human-made object to orbit the Earth. That launch took place on October 4, 1957 as part of the International Geophysical Year and demonstrated the viability of using artificial satellites to explore the. The unanticipated announcement of Sputnik 1's success precipitated the Sputnik crisis The Sputnik crisis was a turning point of the Cold War that began on October 4, 1957 when the Soviet Union launched the Sputnik 1 satellite. The United States had believed itself to be the world leader in space technology and thus the leader in missile development. The surprise of the Sputnik launch and the failure of the first two U.S. launch in the United States ^ b. English is the de facto language of American government and the sole language spoken at home by 80% of Americans age five and older. Spanish is the second most commonly spoken language and ignited the Space Race The Space Race was a mid-to-late twentieth century competition between the Soviet Union and the United States (USA) for supremacy in outer space exploration. The term refers to a specific period in human history, 1957-1975, and does not include subsequent efforts by these or other nations to explore space. The race was both ideological and within the Cold War The Cold War was the continuing state of political conflict, military tension, proxy wars, and economic competition existing after World War II (1939–1945), primarily between the Soviet Union and its satellite states, and the powers of the Western world, particularly the United States. Although the primary participants' military forces never.[1]

Apart from its value as a technological first, Sputnik also helped to identify the upper atmospheric layer The atmosphere of Earth is a layer of gases surrounding the planet Earth that is retained by Earth's gravity. The atmosphere protects life on Earth by absorbing ultraviolet solar radiation, warming the surface through heat retention , and reducing temperature extremes between day and night. Dry air contains roughly (by volume) 78% nitrogen, 21%'s density, through measuring the satellite's orbital changes. It also provided data on radio Radio is the transmission of signals by modulation of electromagnetic waves with frequencies below those of visible light. Electromagnetic radiation travels by means of oscillating electromagnetic fields that pass through the air and the vacuum of space. Information is carried by systematically changing some property of the radiated waves, such as-signal distribution in the ionosphere The ionosphere is the uppermost part of the atmosphere, between the thermosphere and the exosphere, distinguished because it is ionized by solar radiation. It plays an important part in atmospheric electricity and forms the inner edge of the magnetosphere. It has practical importance because, among other functions, it influences radio propagation. Pressurized nitrogen Nitrogen is a chemical element that has the symbol N, atomic number of 7 and atomic mass 14.00674 u. Elemental nitrogen is a colorless, odorless, tasteless and mostly inert diatomic gas at standard conditions, constituting 78.08% by volume of Earth's atmosphere, in the satellite's body, provided the first opportunity for meteoroid A meteoroid is a sand- to boulder-sized particle of debris in the Solar System. The visible path of a meteoroid that enters Earth's atmosphere is called a meteor, or colloquially a shooting star or falling star. If a meteor reaches the ground and survives impact, then it is called a meteorite. Many meteors appearing seconds or minutes apart are detection. If a meteoroid penetrated the satellite's outer hull, it would be detected by the temperature data sent back to Earth.

Sputnik-1.

Sputnik-1 was launched during the International Geophysical Year The International Geophysical Year was an international scientific project that lasted from July 1, 1957, to December 31, 1958. It marked the end of a long period during the cold war when scientific interchange between East and West was seriously interrupted. All major countries took part with the exception of mainland China and Republic of China ( from Site No.1 Gagarin's Start is a launch site at Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan, used for the Soviet space program and now managed by the Russian Federal Space Agency, at the 5th Tyuratam Tyuratam is a station on the main Moscow to Tashkent railway, located in Kazakhstan. The name is a word in the Kazakh language and means "Töre's grave"; Töre, or more formally, Töre-Baba, was a noble, a descendant of Genghis Khan. Tyuratam is near the Baikonur Cosmodrome, a Russian - formerly Soviet - spaceport, and near the city of range, in Kazakh SSR The Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic , also known as the Kazakh SSR for short, was one of republics that made up the Soviet Union. At 2,717,300 square kilometres (1,063,200 square miles) in area, it was the second largest constituent republic in the USSR, after the Russian SFSR. Its capital was Alma-Ata (today known as Almaty). Today it is the (now at the Baikonur Cosmodrome The Baikonur Cosmodrome , also called Tyuratam, is the world's first and largest operational space launch facility. It is located in the desert steppes of Kazakhstan, about 200 kilometers (124 mi) east of the Aral Sea, north of the Syr Darya river, near Tyuratam railway station, at 90 metres above sea level. The facility derives its name from a). The satellite travelled at 29,000 kilometers (18,000 mi) per hour, taking 96.2 minutes to complete an orbit, and emitted radio signals at 20.005 and 40.002 MHz The hertz is the SI unit of frequency defined as the number of cycles per second of a periodic phenomenon. One of its most common uses is the description of sine wave, particularly those used in radio and audio applications[2] which were monitored by amateur radio operators throughout the world.[3] The signals continued for 22 days until the transmitter batteries ran out on 26 October 1957.[4] Sputnik 1 burned up on 4 January 1958, as it fell from orbit upon reentering Earth's atmosphere The atmosphere of Earth is a layer of gases surrounding the planet Earth that is retained by Earth's gravity. The atmosphere protects life on Earth by absorbing ultraviolet solar radiation, warming the surface through heat retention , and reducing temperature extremes between day and night. Dry air contains roughly (by volume) 78% nitrogen, 21%, after travelling about 60 million km (37 million miles) and spending 3 months in orbit.[5]

Contents

Before the launch

Satellite construction project

The history of the Sputnik 1 project dates back to 27 May 1954, when Sergei Korolev Sergey Pavlovich Korolyov , (Russian: Сергей Павлович Королёв Sergej Pavlovič Korolëv; Ukrainian: Сергій Павлович Корольов Sergij Pavlovyč Korol'ov), (January 12 [O.S. December 30, 1906] 1907, Zhytomyr – January 14, 1966, Moscow), was the head Soviet rocket engineer and designer during the Space Race addressed Dmitry Ustinov Dmitriy Feodorovich Ustinov was Minister of Defense of the Soviet Union from 1976 until his death, then Minister of Defense Industries, proposing the development of an Earth-orbiting artificial satellite. Korolev also forwarded Ustinov a report by Mikhail Tikhonravov Mikhail Klavdievich Tikhonravov , soviet pioneer of spacecraft design and rocketry. Mikhail Klavdievich attended the Zhukovsky Air Force Academy from 1922 to 1925, where he built gliders and was exposed to Konstantin Tsiolkovsky's ideas of spaceflight. In 1932, he joined GIRD, as one of the four brigade leaders. His brigade built the GIRD-09 with an overview of similar projects abroad.[6] Tikhonravov emphasized that an artificial satellite is an inevitable stage in the development of rocket equipment, after which interplanetary communication would become possible.[7] On 29 July 1955 the U.S. President The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president leads the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States armed forces Dwight Eisenhower Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower was a five-star general in the United States Army and the 34th President of the United States, from 1953 until 1961. During the Second World War, he served as Supreme Commander of the Allied forces in Europe, with responsibility for planning and supervising the successful invasion of France and Germany in 194 announced, through his press secretary, that the United States would launch an artificial satellite during the International Geophysical Year The International Geophysical Year was an international scientific project that lasted from July 1, 1957, to December 31, 1958. It marked the end of a long period during the cold war when scientific interchange between East and West was seriously interrupted. All major countries took part with the exception of mainland China and Republic of China ( (IGY).[8] A week later, on 8 August the Presidium of the Central Committee of the CPSU The Politburo , known as the Presidium from 1952 to 1966, functioned as the central policymaking and governing body of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. The body was made up of the top members of the Central Committee. In theory, it acted as the political bureau (hence Politburo) of the Central Committee, elected by them to direct the Party approved the idea of creating an artificial satellite.[9] On 30 August Vasily Ryabikov – the head of the State Commission on R-7 rocket The R-7 Semyorka was the world's first true intercontinental ballistic missile, deployed by the Soviet Union during the Cold War from 1959 to 1968. To the West it was known by the NATO reporting name SS-6 Sapwood and within the Soviet Union by the GRAU index 8K71. In modified form, it launched Sputnik, the first artificial satellite, into orbit, test launches – held a meeting where Korolev presented calculation data for a spaceflight trajectory to the Moon. They decided to develop a three-stage version of the R-7 rocket for satellite launches.[10]

On 30 January 1956 the Council of Ministers of the USSR Council of Ministers of the USSR was the Soviet government—the highest executive and administrative body of the Soviet Union. Between 1922 and 1946 it was named Council of People's Commissars of the USSR (Совет Народных Комиссаров СССР, tr.: Sovet Narodnykh Komissarov SSSR, often abbreviated to Sovnarkom or SNK). The approved practical work on an artificial Earth-orbiting satellite. This satellite, named "Object D", was planned to be completed in 1957-58; it would have a mass of 1,000 to 1,400 kg (2,200 to 3,090 lb) and would carry 200 to 300 kg (440 to 660 lb) of scientific instruments.[11] The first test launch of "Object D" was scheduled for 1957.[7] According to that decision, work on the satellite was to be divided between institutions as follows:[12]

By July 1956 the draft was completed and the scientific tasks to be carried out by a satellite were defined. It included measuring the density of the atmosphere, its ion An ion is an atom or molecule in which the total number of electrons is not equal to the total number of protons, giving it a net positive or negative electrical charge composition, corpuscular solar radiation, magnetic fields Magnetic fields surround magnetic materials and electric currents and are detected by the force they exert on other magnetic materials and moving electric charges. The magnetic field at any given point is specified by both a direction and a magnitude ; as such it is a vector field, cosmic rays Cosmic rays are energetic particles originating from outer space that impinge on Earth's atmosphere. About 89% of all the incoming cosmic ray particles are simple protons, with nearly 10% being helium nuclei , and slightly under 1% are heavier elements; electrons (beta particles) constitute about 1% of galactic cosmic rays. The term ray is a, etc. Data, valuable in creating future satellites, were also to be collected. A ground observational complex was to be developed, that would collect information transmitted by the satellite, observe the satellite's orbit, and transmit commands to the satellite. Such a complex should include up to 15 measurement stations. Because of the limited time frame, they should have means designed for rocket R-7 observations. Observations were planned for only 7 to 10 days and orbit calculations were expected to be not quite accurate.[13]

Unfortunately, the complexity of the ambitious design and problems in following exact specifications meant that some parts of 'Object D', when delivered for assembly, simply did not fit with the others, causing costly delays. By the end of 1956 it became clear that plans for 'Object D' were not to be fulfilled in time because of difficulties creating scientific instruments and the low specific impulse Specific impulse is a way to describe the efficiency of rocket and jet engines. It represents the impulse (change in momentum) per unit amount of propellant used. The unit amount may be given either per unit mass (such as kilograms), or per unit Earth-weight (such as kiloponds, since g is used for the latter definition). The higher the specific produced by the completed R-7 engines (304 sec instead of the planned 309 to 310 sec). Consequently the government re-scheduled the launch for April 1958.[7] Object D would later fly as Sputnik 3 Sputnik 3 was a Soviet satellite launched on May 15, 1958 from Baikonur cosmodrome by a modified R-7/SS-6 ICBM. It was a research satellite to explore the upper atmosphere and the near space.

Fearing the U.S. would launch a satellite before the USSR, OKB-1 suggested the creation and launch of a satellite in April-May 1957, before the IGY began in July 1957. The new satellite would be simple, light (100 kg or 220 lb), and easy to construct, forgoing the complex, heavy scientific equipment in favour of a simple radio transmitter. On 15 February 1957 the Council of Ministers of the USSR approved this, providing for launching the simplest version satellite, designated 'Object PS'.[14] This version also facilitated the satellite to be visually tracked by Earth-based observers while in orbit, and transmit tracking signals to ground-based receiving stations.[14] Launch of two satellites PS-1 and PS-2 with two R-7 rockets (8K71) was allowed, but only after one or two successful R-7 test launches.[14]

Launch vehicle preparation and launch site selection

Main article: R-7 rocket The R-7 Semyorka was the world's first true intercontinental ballistic missile, deployed by the Soviet Union during the Cold War from 1959 to 1968. To the West it was known by the NATO reporting name SS-6 Sapwood and within the Soviet Union by the GRAU index 8K71. In modified form, it launched Sputnik, the first artificial satellite, into orbit,

The two-stage A multistage rocket is a rocket that uses two or more stages, each of which contains its own engines and propellant. A tandem or serial stage is mounted on top of another stage; a parallel stage is attached alongside another stage. The result is effectively two or more rockets stacked on top of or attached next to each other. Taken together these R-7 rocket The R-7 Semyorka was the world's first true intercontinental ballistic missile, deployed by the Soviet Union during the Cold War from 1959 to 1968. To the West it was known by the NATO reporting name SS-6 Sapwood and within the Soviet Union by the GRAU index 8K71. In modified form, it launched Sputnik, the first artificial satellite, into orbit, was initially designed as an ICBM An intercontinental ballistic missile is a ballistic missile with a long range (greater than 5,500 km or 3,500 miles) typically designed for nuclear weapons delivery (delivering one or more nuclear warheads). Due to their great range and firepower, in an all-out nuclear war, land-based and submarine-based ballistic missiles would carry most of the by OKB-1. The decision to build it was made by the CPSU Central Committee The Central Committee, abbreviated in Russian as ЦК, "Tse-ka", was the highest body of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union . Its full name was Центральный комитет Коммунистической партии Советского Союза = ЦК КПСС; Tsentralnyy Komitet Kommunistitcheskoy Partii Sovetskogo and the Council of Ministers of the USSR on 20 May 1954.[15] A special reconnaissance Reconnaissance is a mission to obtain information by visual observation or other detection methods, about the activities and resources of an enemy or potential enemy, or about the meteorologic, hydrographic, or geographic characteristics of a particular area commission selected Tyuratam as a place for the construction of a rocket proving ground A proving ground is the US name for a military installation or reservation where weapons or other military technology are experimented or tested, or where military tactics are tested. The usual British term is training area (the 5th Tyuratam range, usually referred to as "NIIP-5", or "GIK-5" in the post-Soviet time). The selection was approved on 12 February 1955 by the Council of Ministers of the USSR, but the site would not be completed until 1958.[16] Actual work on the construction of the site began on 20 July by military building units. On 14 June 1956 Sergei Korolev decided to adapt the R-7 rocket to the 'Object D',[17] that would later be replaced by the much lighter 'Object PS'.

The first launch of an R-7 rocket (8K71 No.5L) occurred on 15 May 1957. The flight was controlled until the 98th second, but a fire in a strap-on rocket led to an unintended crash 400 km from the site.[18] Three attempts to launch the second rocket (8K71 No.6) were made on 10–11 June, which failed because of a mistake made during the rocket's assembly.[19] The unsuccessful launch of the third R-7 rocket (8K71 No.7) took place on 12 July.[18] During the flight the rocket began to rotate about its longitudinal axis Development of an effective set of flight controls was a critical advance in the development of the aircraft. Early efforts at fixed-wing aircraft design succeeded in generating sufficient lift to get the aircraft off the ground, but once aloft, the aircraft proved uncontrollable, often with disastrous results. The development of effective flight and its engines were automatically turned off. The packet of stages was destroyed 32.9 seconds into the flight. The stages fell 7 km (4.3 mi) from the site and exploded.[20]

The launch of the fourth rocket (8K71 No.8), on 21 August at 15:25 Moscow Time Moscow Time is the time zone for the city of Moscow, Russia and most of western Russia, including Saint Petersburg. It is the second westernmost of the 11 time zones of Russia,[18] was successful. Its head part separated, reached the defined region, entered the atmosphere, and was destroyed at a height of 10 km (6.2 mi) because of thermodynamic In science, thermodynamics is the study of energy conversion between heat and mechanical work, and subsequently the macroscopic variables such as temperature, volume and pressure overload after traveling 6,000 km. On 27 August TASS The Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union , was the central agency for collection and distribution of internal and international news for all Soviet newspapers, radio and television stations. It had a monopoly on official state information which was delivered in the form of TASS Report (Russian: Сообщение ТАСС, Soobshcheniye TASS) in the USSR issued a statement on the launch of a long-distance multistage ICBM. The launch of the fifth R-7 rocket (8K71 No.9), on 7 September[18] was also successful, but the head part was also destroyed in the atmosphere,[20] and hence needed a long redesign to completely fit its military purpose. The rocket, however, was already suitable for scientific satellite launches and this "time-out" of the rocket's military exploitation was used to launch the PS-1 and PS-2 satellites.[21]

On 22 September a modified R-7 rocket, named Sputnik Rocket (Russian: ракета-носитель Спутник) and indexed as 8K71PS, with the satellite PS-1, arrived at the proving ground and preparations for the launch began.[22] As the R-7 was designed to carry the much heavier Object D, its adaptation to PS-1 reduced its initial mass from 280 to 272.83 short tons (254 to 248 metric tons) and its mass at launch was 267 short tons (242 metric tons); its length with PS-1 was 29.167 metres (95 ft 8.3 in) and the thrust was 3.90 MN (880,000 lbf).[23]

Show All>>

 

The above information uses material from Wikipedia and is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License.
Some facts may not have been fully verified for accuracy. [Disclaimers]
This page was last archived by our server on Fri Sep 3 03:40:54 2010. [ refresh local cache ]
Displaying this page or its contents does not use any Wikimedia Foundation's resources.
The owners of this site proudly support the Wikimedia Foundation.

[Hide]▼
'Sputnik 1' News
Peter Crouch beds 800 teen hooker - NOTW Blogs
newsoftheworld.co.uk
Peter Crouch beds 800 teen hooker - NOTW Blogs
Sun, 08 Aug 2010 02:16:11 GMT+00:00
NOTW Blogs By Sputnik .. Posted August 8 2010 at 7:49 AM. poor abbey.she has the ugliest boyfriend ever, and now he cheats on her??? poor girl... By aww. ...
Google News Search: Sputnik 1,
Fri Sep 3 03:40:58 2010
'Sputnik 1' Images
sputnik 1
blueverticalstudio.com
sputnik 1
356px x 475px | 40.50kB

[source page]

and simple design kudos m Inspired by Origami techniques from the past a plain sheet of aluminum is scored with the use of CNC milling and then folded by hand into the final product

Yahoo Images Search: Sputnik 1,
Fri Sep 3 03:40:58 2010
'Sputnik 1' Blogs
6/5/10
weirdyear.com
6/5/10

E.S. Wynn

Sat, 05 Jun 2010 07:00:00 GM

Repeat, problem aboard Korabl . Sputnik 1. . I have lost control of craft, exiting reentry course. Higher. Oh God. (Static) Fired again. The rockets have gone again. I am twisting now. The earth is careening wild in the window. ...

Google Blogs Search: Sputnik 1,
Fri Sep 3 03:40:59 2010
'Sputnik 1' Answers
Sputnik,Gemini,Mercury,Ma riner?
Q. Sputnik,Gemini,Mercury,Ma riner I have a couple of questions 1)Who worked on each of those missions? 2)What was learned by each of these missions? Any additional info would be great
Asked by phillies fan049 - Fri Apr 18 21:01:15 2008 - - 3 Answers - 0 Comments

A. S p u t n i k sputnik was the first satellite shot into orbit around the Earth. It was of Russian design and stealth, and that meant that the United States was loosing the space race. Sputnik was desugned to be a radio transmitter in space. When it was launched, all it did was send out bleeps to where ever it was over Earth. There's an audio sample at left. It's shape was a giant sulver sphere with four long pointy rods. It was launched, and after orbiting the Earth a few times, it fell back to Earth and burned up in the atmosphere. m a r i n e r the Mariner spacecrafts were the second of a series of spacecraft used for planetary exploration in the flyby, or nonlanding, mode and the first spacecraft to successfully encounter another… [cont.]
Answered by Rey M - Fri Apr 18 21:20:55 2008

Yahoo Answers Search: Sputnik 1,
Fri Sep 3 03:41:00 2010
[Hide]▲