Extra-vehicular activity (EVA) is work done by an astronaut An astronaut or cosmonaut is a person trained by a human spaceflight program to command, pilot, or serve as a crew member of a spacecraft. While generally reserved for professional space travelers, the term is sometimes applied to anyone who travels into space, including scientists, politicians, journalists, and tourists away from the Earth Earth is the third planet from the Sun, and the densest and fifth-largest of the eight planets in the Solar System. It is also the largest of the Solar System's four terrestrial planets. It is sometimes referred to as the World, the Blue Planet,[note 6] or by its Latin name, Terra.[note 7], and outside of a spacecraft A spacecraft is a craft or machine designed for spaceflight. Spacecraft are used for a variety of purposes, including communications, earth observation, meteorology, navigation, planetary exploration and space tourism. Spacecraft and space travel are common themes in works of science fiction. The term most commonly applies to an EVA made outside a craft orbiting Earth (a spacewalk), but also applies to an EVA made on the surface of the Moon The Moon is Earth's only natural satellite[nb 4] and is the fifth largest satellite in the Solar System. It is the largest natural satellite in the Solar System relative to the size of its planet, a quarter the diameter of Earth and 1/81 its mass, and is the second densest satellite after Io. It is in synchronous rotation with Earth, always (a moonwalk). In the later lunar landing missions The Apollo program was the American spaceflight endeavor which landed the first humans on Earth's Moon. Conceived during the presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower and conducted by NASA, Apollo began in earnest after President John F. Kennedy's May 25, 1961 special address to a joint session of Congress declaring a national goal of "landing a man (Apollo 15 Apollo 15 was the ninth manned mission in the Apollo program, the fourth mission to land on the Moon and the eighth successful manned mission. It was the first of what were termed "J missions", long duration stays on the Moon with a greater focus on science than had been possible on previous missions. It was also the first mission where, 16 Apollo 16 was the tenth manned mission in the Apollo program. It was the fifth mission to land on the Moon and the first to land in a highlands area. The mission was launched on April 16, 1972, and concluded on April 27. It was a J-class mission, featuring a Lunar Rover and brought back 94.7kg of lunar samples. It included three lunar EVA: 7.2, and 17 Apollo 17 was the eleventh manned space mission in the NASA Apollo program. It was the first night launch of a U.S. human spaceflight and the sixth and final lunar landing mission of the Apollo program. The mission was launched at 12:33 a.m. EST on December 7, 1972, and concluded on December 19. It remains the most recent manned Moon landing and) the command module The Command/Service Module was a spacecraft built for NASA by North American Aviation. It was one of the two spacecraft that were utilized for the Apollo program, along with the Lunar Module, to land astronauts on the Moon. Together they were called the Apollo spacecraft. After the conclusion of the Apollo program, the CSM saw service as a ferry pilot (CMP) did an EVA to retrieve film canisters on the return trip; he was assisted by the lunar module The Apollo Lunar Module was the lander portion of the Apollo spacecraft built for the US Apollo program by Grumman to achieve the transit from lunar orbit to the surface and back. The module was also known as the LM from the manufacturer designation pilot (LMP) who remained at the open command module hatch. These trans-Earth EVAs were the only spacewalks ever conducted in deep space.

Due to the different designs of the early spacecraft, the American ^ b. English is the de facto language of American government and the sole language spoken at home by 80% of Americans age five and older. Spanish is the second most commonly spoken language and Soviet The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. The name is a translation of the Russian: Союз Советских Социалистических Республик (help·info), tr. Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik, IPA [sɐˈjʊs sɐˈvʲeʦkʲɪx səʦɪ space programs also define an EVA differently. Russians Russia (pronounced /ˈrʌʃə/ ; Russian: Россия, tr. Rossiya, pronounced [rɐˈsʲijə] ( listen)), also officially known as the Russian Federation (Russian: Российская Федерация, pronounced [rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈraʦəjə] ( listen)), is a state in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, define an EVA as occurring when a cosmonaut An astronaut or cosmonaut is a person trained by a human spaceflight program to command, pilot, or serve as a crew member of a spacecraft. While generally reserved for professional space travelers, the term is sometimes applied to anyone who travels into space, including scientists, politicians, journalists, and tourists is in a vacuum In everyday usage, vacuum is a volume of space that is essentially empty of matter, such that its gaseous pressure is much less than atmospheric pressure. The word comes from the Latin term for "empty". Even putting aside the complexities of the quantum vacuum, the classical notion of a perfect vacuum with gaseous pressure of exactly. An American EVA begins when the astronaut switches the Extravehicular Mobility Unit The Space Shuttle/International Space Station Extravehicular Mobility Unit is an independent anthropomorphic system that provides environmental protection, mobility, life support, and communications for a Shuttle or ISS crew member to perform extra-vehicular activity (EVA) in earth orbit. It is currently one of two space suits used by crew members (EMU) to battery power. A "Stand-up" EVA (SEVA) is where the astronaut does not fully exit a spacecraft, but is completely reliant on the spacesuit for environmental support.^[1] Its name derives from the astronaut "standing up" in the open hatch, usually to film or assist a spacewalking astronaut.

EVAs may be either tethered (the astronaut is connected to the spacecraft, oxygen can be supplied through a tube, no propulsion is needed to return to the spacecraft) or untethered. When the tether performs life support functions such as providing oxygen, it is called an umbilical. Untethered spacewalks were only performed on three missions in 1984 using the Manned Maneuvering Unit The Manned Maneuvering Unit is a propulsion backpack which was used by NASA astronauts on three space shuttle missions in 1984. The MMU allowed the astronauts to perform untethered EVA spacewalks at a distance from the shuttle. The MMU was used in practice to retrieve a pair of faulty communications satellites, Westar VI and Palapa B2. Following (MMU), and on a flight test in 1994 of the Simplified Aid for EVA Rescue Simplified Aid for EVA Rescue is a small, self-contained, propulsive backpack system used to provide free-flying mobility for a Space Shuttle or International Space Station (ISS) crewmember during extra-vehicular activity (EVA). SAFER is a small, simplified version of the Manned Maneuvering Unit (MMU) intended for contingency use during spacewalks (SAFER). A SAFER is a safety device worn on tethered U.S. EVAs, since the capability of returning to the spacecraft is essential.

As of 2009^[update], the United States ^ b. English is the de facto language of American government and the sole language spoken at home by 80% of Americans age five and older. Spanish is the second most commonly spoken language, Russia Russia (pronounced /ˈrʌʃə/ ; Russian: Россия, tr. Rossiya, pronounced [rɐˈsʲijə] ( listen)), also officially known as the Russian Federation (Russian: Российская Федерация, pronounced [rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈraʦəjə] ( listen)), is a state in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic,, and China b. ^ Simple characterizations of the political structure since the 1980s are no longer possible are the only countries with a demonstrated capability to conduct an EVA.

Contents 1 Camp out 2 EVA milestones 2.1 Capability milestones 2.2 Personal cumulative duration records 2.3 National, ethnic and gender firsts 3 Commemoration 4 Designations 5 See also 6 References 7 External links

Camp out

For EVAs from the International Space Station, NASA now routinely employs a camp out procedure The Quest Joint Airlock, previously known as the Joint Airlock Module, is the primary airlock for the International Space Station. Quest was designed to host spacewalks with both EMU and Orlan spacesuits. The airlock was launched on STS-104 on July 14, 2001. Before Quest was attached, Russian spacewalks using Orlan suits could only be done from to reduce the risk of decompression sickness.^[2] This was first tested by the Expedition 12 crew. During a camp out, astronauts sleep overnight prior to an EVA in the airlock The Quest Joint Airlock, previously known as the Joint Airlock Module, is the primary airlock for the International Space Station. Quest was designed to host spacewalks with both EMU and Orlan spacesuits. The airlock was launched on STS-104 on July 14, 2001. Before Quest was attached, Russian spacewalks using Orlan suits could only be done from, and lower the air pressure to 10.2 psi (70 kPa), compared to the normal station pressure of 14.7 psi (101 kPa).^[2] Spending a night at the lower air pressure helps flush nitrogen from the body, thereby preventing "the bends Decompression sickness describes a condition arising from the precipitation of dissolved gasses into bubbles inside the body on depressurisation. DCS most commonly refers to a specific type of scuba diving hazard but may be experienced in other depressurisation events such as caisson working, flying in unpressurised aircraft and extra-vehicular".^[3][4]

EVA milestones

Capture of Intelsat VI in 1992 on STS-49 STS-49 was the maiden flight of the Space Shuttle Endeavour. The primary goal of its nine-day mission was to retrieve the Intelsat VI satellite, which failed to leave low earth orbit two years before, attach it to a new upper stage, and relaunch it to its intended geosynchronous orbit. After several attempts, the capture was completed with a three-. This hand-capture of a satellite is the only EVA to date to be performed by three astronauts. Stephen Robinson Stephen Kern Robinson is a NASA astronaut. He was born October 26, 1955, in Sacramento, California riding the robotic arm The Shuttle Remote Manipulator System , or Canadarm (Canadarm 1), is a mechanical arm used on the Space Shuttle to maneuver a payload from the payload bay of the orbiter to its deployment position and then release it. It can also grapple a free-flying payload, maneuver it to the payload bay of the orbiter and berth it in the orbiter. It was first during STS-114 STS-114 was the first "Return to Flight" Space Shuttle mission following the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster. The Space Shuttle Discovery launched at 10:39 EDT , July 26, 2005. The launch, 907 days (approx. 29 months) after the loss of Columbia, was approved despite unresolved fuel sensor anomalies in the external tank; those anomalies, doing a first in-flight repair of the Space Shuttle.(Landmass in the backdrop is the Bari region of Somalia Somalia , officially the Republic of Somalia (Somali: Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya, Arabic: جمهورية الصومال‎ Jumhūriyyat aṣ-Ṣūmāl) and formerly known as the Somali Democratic Republic under communist rule, is a country located in the Horn of Africa. It is bordered by Djibouti to the northwest, Kenya to the southwest, the Gulf of).

Capability milestones

• The first EVA was carried out by Soviet Alexey Leonov Alexey Arkhipovich Leonov is a retired Soviet/Russian cosmonaut and Air Force General who, on March 18, 1965, became the first human to conduct a space walk on March 18, 1965 from the Voskhod 2 Voskhod 2 was a Soviet manned space mission in March 1965. Two crewmembers were launched in the Vostok-based Voskhod 3KD spacecraft, which was equipped with an inflatable airlock. It established another space milestone when one of the cosmonauts on board became the first person to "walk in space" spacecraft.
• The first EVA that was other than a spacewalk was made by American Neil Armstrong Neil Alden Armstrong is an American aviator and a former astronaut, test pilot, aerospace engineer, university professor, and United States Naval Aviator. He was the first person to set foot on the Moon. His first spaceflight was aboard Gemini 8 in 1966, for which he was the command pilot, becoming the first U.S. civilian to fly in space. On this on July 20, 1969 when the Apollo 11 The Apollo 11 space flight landed the first humans on Earth's Moon on July 20, 1969. The mission, carried out by the United States, is considered a major accomplishment in the history of exploration and represented a victory by the U.S. in the Cold War Space Race with the Soviet Union Lunar Module Eagle landed on the Moon The Moon is Earth's only natural satellite[nb 4] and is the fifth largest satellite in the Solar System. It is the largest natural satellite in the Solar System relative to the size of its planet, a quarter the diameter of Earth and 1/81 its mass, and is the second densest satellite after Io. It is in synchronous rotation with Earth, always. He was joined by crewmate Buzz Aldrin Buzz Aldrin is an American mechanical engineer, retired United States Air Force pilot and astronaut who was the Lunar Module pilot on Apollo 11, the first manned lunar landing in history. On July 20, 1969, he was the second human being to set foot on the Moon, following mission commander Neil Armstrong, and their EVA lasted 2 hours and 32 minutes.
• The first EVA in deep space (not on the moon or in the Earth's orbit) was made by American Al Worden Alfred Merrill Worden is an American astronaut who was the command module pilot for the Apollo 15 moon mission in July-August 1971. The son of Merrill and Helen Worden, he was born in Jackson, Michigan. He is one of only 24 people to have flown to the Moon, on the return trip of Apollo 15 Apollo 15 was the ninth manned mission in the Apollo program, the fourth mission to land on the Moon and the eighth successful manned mission. It was the first of what were termed "J missions", long duration stays on the Moon with a greater focus on science than had been possible on previous missions. It was also the first mission where. This was done two more times: by Ken Mattingly Thomas Kenneth "Ken" Mattingly II, is a retired American astronaut and rear admiral in the United States Navy who flew on the Apollo 16, STS-4, and STS-51-C missions. He had been scheduled to fly on Apollo 13, but was held back due to concerns about a potential illness (which he did not contract). He is one of only 24 people to have on Apollo 16 Apollo 16 was the tenth manned mission in the Apollo program. It was the fifth mission to land on the Moon and the first to land in a highlands area. The mission was launched on April 16, 1972, and concluded on April 27. It was a J-class mission, featuring a Lunar Rover and brought back 94.7kg of lunar samples. It included three lunar EVA: 7.2 and by Ron Evans Ronald Ellwin Evans, Jr. (Captain, USN Ret.) was a NASA astronaut. He was one of only 24 people to have flown to the Moon on Apollo 17 Apollo 17 was the eleventh manned space mission in the NASA Apollo program. It was the first night launch of a U.S. human spaceflight and the sixth and final lunar landing mission of the Apollo program. The mission was launched at 12:33 a.m. EST on December 7, 1972, and concluded on December 19. It remains the most recent manned Moon landing and.
• The first untethered spacewalk was by American Bruce McCandless II Bruce McCandless II is a former naval aviator with the United States Navy and former NASA astronaut. During the first of his two Space Shuttle missions he made the first untethered, free flight using the Manned Maneuvering Unit on February 7, 1984, during Challenger mission STS-41-B STS-41-B was the tenth space shuttle mission, and the fourth flight for Challenger. Following STS-9, the flight numbering system for Space Shuttle missions was changed. Thus, the next flight, instead of being designated STS-11, became STS 41-B. STS-10 was cancelled due to payload delays, utilizing the Manned Maneuvering Unit The Manned Maneuvering Unit is a propulsion backpack which was used by NASA astronauts on three space shuttle missions in 1984. The MMU allowed the astronauts to perform untethered EVA spacewalks at a distance from the shuttle. The MMU was used in practice to retrieve a pair of faulty communications satellites, Westar VI and Palapa B2. Following. He was subsequently joined by Robert L. Stewart Robert Lee Stewart is a retired Brigadier General of the United States Army and former NASA astronaut during the 5 hour 55 minute spacewalk. See photo in the previous section.
• The first (and only) three-person EVA was performed on May 13, 1992, as the third EVA of STS-49 STS-49 was the maiden flight of the Space Shuttle Endeavour. The primary goal of its nine-day mission was to retrieve the Intelsat VI satellite, which failed to leave low earth orbit two years before, attach it to a new upper stage, and relaunch it to its intended geosynchronous orbit. After several attempts, the capture was completed with a three-, the maiden flight of Endeavour Space Shuttle Endeavour is one of three currently operational orbiters in the Space Shuttle fleet of NASA, the space agency of the United States. (The other two are Discovery and Atlantis.) Endeavour is the fifth and final spaceworthy NASA space shuttle to be built, constructed as a replacement for Challenger. Endeavour first flew in May 1992 on.^[5] Pierre Thuot Pierre Joseph Thuot , a retired U.S. Navy captain, was a NASA astronaut from 1985 to 1995, Richard Hieb Richard James Hieb is a NASA astronaut and a veteran of three space shuttle missions. He was a mission specialist on STS-39 and STS-49, and was a payload commander on STS-65, and Thomas Akers Thomas Dale Akers is a former astronaut in the United States Space Shuttle program conducted the EVA to hand-capture and repair a non-functional Intelsat VI-F3 satellite. See photo at right.
• The first EVA to perform an in-flight repair of the space orbiter was by American Steve Robinson on August 3, 2005, during "Return to Flight" mission STS-114. Robinson was sent to remove two protruding gap fillers from Discovery's heat shield, after engineers determined there was a small chance they could affect the shuttle upon re-entry. Robinson successfully removed the loose material while Discovery was docked to the International Space Station. See photo at right.
• The longest EVA was 8 hours and 56 minutes, performed by Susan J. Helms and James S. Voss on March 11, 2001.^[6]

Personal cumulative duration records

• Russian Anatoly Solovyev holds both the record for most EVAs and for the greatest cumulative duration spent in EVA (16 EVAs; 82 hr and 22 min). Michael Lopez-Alegria holds the American records (10 EVAs; 67 hr and 40 min); Christer Fuglesang, the European (non-Russian) (5 EVAs; 31 hr and 55 min).^[6]

National, ethnic and gender firsts

International Space Station assembly EVA made during the STS-116 mission. Robert Curbeam (with red stripes) together with Christer Fuglesang over Cook Strait, New Zealand.

• The first EVA by an American was made on June 3, 1965 by Edward White during the Gemini 4 mission.
• The first EVA by a non-Soviet, non-American was made on December 9, 1988 by Jean-Loup Chrétien of France during a three-week stay on the Mir space station.
• The first EVA by a Briton was on February 9, 1995 by Michael Foale (who carries dual British-American citizenship).
• The first EVA by a black African-American was on February 9, 1995 by Bernard A. Harris, Jr..
• The first EVA by an Australian-born person was on March 13, 2001 by Andy Thomas (although he is a naturalized US citizen).
• The first EVA by a Canadian was made on April 22, 2001 by Chris Hadfield. During his spacewalk, Hadfield installed the Canadarm2 onto the International Space Station.
• The first EVA by a Chinese astronaut was made on September 27, 2008 by Zhai Zhigang during Shenzhou 7 mission. The spacewalk, using a Feitian space suit, made China the third country to independently carry out an EVA.

• The first woman to perform an EVA was Soviet Svetlana Savitskaya on July 25, 1984 while aboard the Salyut 7 space station. Her EVA lasted 3 hours and 35 minutes.
• The first American woman to perform an EVA was Kathryn D. Sullivan on October 11, 1984 during Space Shuttle Challenger mission STS-41-G.

Commemoration

The US Post Office issued the Accomplishments in Space stamp in 1967. Along with astronaut Ed White, the issue depicts the Gemini IV spacecraft in orbit.

~ Accomplishments in Space Commemorative Issue of 1967 ~

Designations

NASA "spacewalkers" are designated as EV-1, EV-2, EV-3 and EV-4 (assiged to Mission specialists for each mission, if applicable).^[7][8]

See also

Human spaceflight portal

Suitport Space suit Space debris Kessler Syndrome

List of Mir spacewalks List of ISS spacewalks Manned Maneuvering Unit Simplified Aid for EVA Rescue

List of spacewalks and moonwalks 1965-1999 List of spacewalks since 2000 List of cumulative spacewalk records List of spacewalkers

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