Salyut 1 (DOS-1) (Russian Russian is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages, and the largest native language in Europe. Russian belongs to the family of Indo-European languages and is one of three (or four including Rusyn) living members of the East Slavic languages. Written examples of Old East Slavonic are: Салют-1; English translation: Salute 1) was the first space station To date, only low earth orbital stations have been implemented, otherwise known as orbital stations. A space station is distinguished from other manned spacecraft by its lack of major propulsion or landing facilities—instead, other vehicles are used as transport to and from the station. Current and recent-history space stations are designed for of any kind, launched by the USSR The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR, Russian: Союз Советских Социалистических Республик, tr. Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik IPA: [sɐˈjus sɐˈvʲeʦkʲɪx səʦɨəlʲɪˈstʲiʨɪskʲɪx rʲɪsˈpublʲɪk] , abbreviated СССР, SSSR), informally known as the Soviet Union (Russian: on April 19, 1971. It was launched unmanned using a Proton-K The Proton-K, also designated Proton 8K82K after its GRAU index, 8K82K, is a Russian, previously Soviet, carrier rocket derived from the earlier Proton. It was built by Khrunichev, and is launched from sites 81 and 200 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. As of 2009, it is out of production, with approximately three launches remaining prior rocket. Its first crew came later in Soyuz 10 Soyuz 10 was the first planned visit to the world's first space station, Salyut 1, which had been successfully placed in orbit on April 19, 1971, but was unable to dock completely; its second crew launched in Soyuz 11 Soyuz 11 was the first successful visit to the world's first space station, Salyut 1. However the mission ended in disaster when the crew capsule depressurised during preparations for re-entry, killing the three-man crew. This accident resulted in the only deaths to occur in space (as opposed to high atmosphere). The crew members aboard Soyuz 11 and remained on board for 23 days. However, a pressure-equalization valve in the Soyuz 11 reentry capsule opened prematurely when the crew was returning, killing all three. Following the accident, missions were temporarily suspended and the station was burned in the atmosphere Atmospheric reentry is the movement of human-made or natural objects as they enter the atmosphere of a planet from outer space, in the case of Earth from an altitude above the Kármán Line, . This article primarily addresses the process of controlled reentry of vehicles which are intended to reach the planetary surface intact, but the topic also purposely[1] after a total of 6 months in orbit.

Contents

Structure

At launch, the announced purpose of Salyut was to test the elements of the systems of a space station and to conduct scientific research and experiments. The craft was described as being 20 m in length, 4 m in maximum diameter, and 99 m³ in interior space with an on-orbit dry mass of 18,425 kg. Of its several compartments, three were pressurized (100 m³ total), and two could be entered by the crew.

Transfer compartment

The transfer compartment was to connect directly with Soyuz. The docking cone had a 2 m front diameter and a 3 m aft diameter.

Main compartment

The second, and main, compartment was about 4 m in diameter. Televised views showed enough space for eight big chairs (seven at work consoles), several control panels, and 20 portholes (some obstructed by instruments).

Auxiliary compartments

The third pressurized compartment contained the control and communications equipment, the power supply, the life support system In human spaceflight, the life support system is a group of devices that allow a human being to survive in outer space. NASA often uses the phrase Environmental Control and Life Support System or the abbreviation ECLSS when describing these systems for its human spaceflight missions. The life support system may supply air, water and food. It must, and other auxiliary equipment. The fourth, and final, unpressurized compartment was about 2 m in diameter and contained the engine installations and associated control equipment. Salyut had buffer chemical batteries, reserve supplies of oxygen and water, and regeneration systems. Externally mounted were two double sets of solar cell A solar cell is a device that converts the energy of sunlight directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect. Sometimes the term solar cell is reserved for devices intended specifically to capture energy from sunlight such as solar panels and solar cells, while the term photovoltaic cell is used when the light source is unspecified panels that extended like wings from the smaller compartments at each end, the heat regulation system's radiators Radiators are heat exchangers used to transfer thermal energy from one medium to another for the purpose of cooling and heating. The majority of radiators are constructed to function in automobiles, buildings, and electronics. The radiator is always a source of heat to its environment, although this may be for either the purpose of heating this, and orientation and control devices.

Salyut 1 was modified from one of the Almaz The Almaz program was a series of military space stations (or "Orbital Piloted Station" - OPS) launched by the Soviet Union under cover of the civilian Salyut DOS-17K (Durable Orbital Station) program after 1971 airframes. The unpressurized service module was the modified service module of a Soyuz craft.

Orion 1 Space Observatory

The astrophysical Orion 1 Space Observatory The Orion 1 Space Observatory and Orion 2 Space Observatory were space observatories installed in spacecraft launched by the space program of the Soviet Union during the 1970s designed by Grigor Gurzadyan Born in October 15, 1922 in Baghdad, to parents fled in 1915 from Western Armenia. Upon graduating the Yerevan Polytechnic Institute in 1944, he became the postgraduate of Victor Ambartsumian, who had just moved to Armenia. Being in Ambartsumian’s founding team of Byurakan Observatory, he later headed a Laboratory, in 1960s became deputy of Byurakan Observatory The Byurakan Astrophysical Observatory, or Byurakan Observatory is an astronomical observatory owned and operated by the Armenian Academy of Sciences. It is located on the slope of Mount Aragats in the village of Byurakan in Armenia in Armenia Armenia /ɑrˈmiːniə/ (Armenian: Հայաստան, transliterated : Hayastan, IPA: [hɑjɑsˈtɑn]), officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն, Hayastani Hanrapetut’yun, [hɑjɑstɑˈni hɑnɾɑpɛtuˈtʰjun]), is a landlocked mountainous country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. Situated at the, was installed in Salyut 1. Ultraviolet spectrograms Ultraviolet astronomy is generally used to refer to observations of electromagnetic radiation at ultraviolet wavelengths between approximately 10 and 320 nanometres; shorter wavelengths—higher energy photons—are studied by X-ray astronomy and gamma ray astronomy. Light at these wavelengths is absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere, so observations of stars were obtained with the help of a mirror telescope of the Mersenne system and a spectrograph A spectrometer is an instrument used to measure properties of light over a specific portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, typically used in spectroscopic analysis to identify materials. The variable measured is most often the light's intensity but could also, for instance, be the polarization state. The independent variable is usually the of the Wadsworth system using film sensitive to the far ultraviolet. The dispersion of the spectrograph was 32 Å The ångström or angstrom (pronounced /ˈæŋstrəm/; Swedish: [ˈɔŋstrøm]) is an internationally recognized unit of length equal to 0.1 nanometre or 1 × 10−10 metres. It is named after Anders Jonas Ångström. Although accepted for use, it is not formally defined within the International System of Units (SI)/mm (3.2 nm/mm), while the resolution of the spectrograms derived was about 5 Å at 2600 Å (0.5 nm at 260 nm). Slitless spectrograms were obtained of the stars Vega Vega is the brightest star in the constellation Lyra, the fifth brightest star in the night sky and the second brightest star in the northern celestial hemisphere, after Arcturus. It is a relatively close star at only 25 light-years from Earth, and, together with Arcturus and Sirius, one of the most luminous stars in the Sun's neighborhood and Beta Centauri Beta Centauri , also known as Hadar or Agena, is the second brightest star in the constellation Centaurus and the tenth brightest star in the night sky. Beta Centauri is a B1 III blue-white giant star that the astrometric Hipparcos satellite calculates as about 161 parsecs or 525 light-years from the solar system. More recent estimates place the between 2000 and 3800 Å (200 and 380 nm).[2] The telescope was operated by crew member Viktor Patsayev Viktor Ivanovich Patsayev was a Soviet cosmonaut who flew on the Soyuz 11 mission and had the unfortunate distinction of being part of the second crew to die during a space flight. Onboard space station Salyut 1 he operated the Orion 1 Space Observatory (see Orion 1 and Orion 2 Space Observatories), he became the first man to operate a telescope, who became the first man to operate a telescope outside the Earth’s atmosphere.

Specifications

Visiting spacecraft and crews

Soyuz 10

Salyut 1 with docked Soyuz 10 spacecraft

After taking 24 h for rendezvous and approach, Soyuz 10 Soyuz 10 was the first planned visit to the world's first space station, Salyut 1, which had been successfully placed in orbit on April 19, 1971 soft-docked with Salyut on April 23[1] and remained for 5.5 h. Hard-docking was unsuccessful, the latches stuck at the distance of 9 cm. The crew did not transfer to the space station.

Expedition Crew Launch date Flight up Landing date Flight down Duration (days) Notes
Soyuz 10 Soyuz 10 was the first planned visit to the world's first space station, Salyut 1, which had been successfully placed in orbit on April 19, 1971 Vladimir Shatalov Vladimir Aleksandrovich Shatalov was a Soviet cosmonaut who flew three space missions of the Soyuz programme: Soyuz 4, Soyuz 8, and Soyuz 10, Aleksei Yeliseyev Aleksei Stanislavovich Yeliseyev was a Soviet cosmonaut who flew on three missions in the Soyuz programme as a flight engineer: Soyuz 5, Soyuz 8, and Soyuz 10 and Nikolai Rukavishnikov Nikolai Nikolayevich Rukavishnikov was a Soviet cosmonaut who flew three space missions of the Soyuz programme: Soyuz 10, Soyuz 16, and Soyuz 33. Two of these missions, Soyuz 10 and Soyuz 33 were intended to dock with Salyut space stations, but failed to do so April 23, 1971 Soyuz 10 Soyuz 10 was the first planned visit to the world's first space station, Salyut 1, which had been successfully placed in orbit on April 19, 1971 April 25, 1971 Soyuz 10 Soyuz 10 was the first planned visit to the world's first space station, Salyut 1, which had been successfully placed in orbit on April 19, 1971 0 Failed docking

Soyuz 11

Soyuz 11 Soyuz 11 was the first successful visit to the world's first space station, Salyut 1. However the mission ended in disaster when the crew capsule depressurised during preparations for re-entry, killing the three-man crew. This accident resulted in the only deaths to occur in space (as opposed to high atmosphere). The crew members aboard Soyuz 11 required 3 h 19 min on June 7 to complete docking. The crew transferred to Salyut and their mission was announced as:

On June 29, after flying 362 orbits docked with Salyut, the mission was cut short due to problems aboard the station, including an electrical fire. The crew transferred back to Soyuz 11 and reentered the Earth's atmosphere. The crew was killed on descent due to a loss of cabin atmosphere and the circumstance that they were not wearing pressure suits.

Expedition Crew Launch date Flight up Landing date Flight down Duration (days) Notes
Soyuz 11 Soyuz 11 was the first successful visit to the world's first space station, Salyut 1. However the mission ended in disaster when the crew capsule depressurised during preparations for re-entry, killing the three-man crew. This accident resulted in the only deaths to occur in space (as opposed to high atmosphere). The crew members aboard Soyuz 11 Georgi Dobrovolski Georgiy Timofeyevich Dobrovolskiy was a Soviet cosmonaut, Viktor Patsayev Viktor Ivanovich Patsayev was a Soviet cosmonaut who flew on the Soyuz 11 mission and had the unfortunate distinction of being part of the second crew to die during a space flight. Onboard space station Salyut 1 he operated the Orion 1 Space Observatory (see Orion 1 and Orion 2 Space Observatories), he became the first man to operate a telescope, Vladislav Volkov Vladislav Nikolayevich Volkov was a Soviet cosmonaut who flew on the Soyuz 7 and Soyuz 11 missions June 6, 1971 04:55:09 UTC Soyuz 11 Soyuz 11 was the first successful visit to the world's first space station, Salyut 1. However the mission ended in disaster when the crew capsule depressurised during preparations for re-entry, killing the three-man crew. This accident resulted in the only deaths to occur in space (as opposed to high atmosphere). The crew members aboard Soyuz 11 June 29, 1971 23:16:52 UTC Soyuz 11 Soyuz 11 was the first successful visit to the world's first space station, Salyut 1. However the mission ended in disaster when the crew capsule depressurised during preparations for re-entry, killing the three-man crew. This accident resulted in the only deaths to occur in space (as opposed to high atmosphere). The crew members aboard Soyuz 11 23.77 Crew died on reentry

Re-entry

Salyut 1 was moved to a higher orbit in July and August 1971 to ensure that it would not be destroyed prematurely through orbital decay This can be due to drag produced by an atmosphere due to frequent collisions between the satellite and surrounding air molecules. The drag experienced by the object is larger in the case of increased solar activity, because it heats and expands the upper atmosphere. For larger bodies tidal effects can cause orbital decay, and for even larger ones. In the meantime, Soyuz capsules were being substantially[3] re-designed to allow pressure suits to be worn during launch, docking maneuvers, and reentry. As Salyut 1 ran out of supplies, the engines were fired for the last time on October 11 to lower its orbit and ensure prompt destructive re-entry over the Pacific Ocean The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth's oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic in the north to the Southern Ocean in the south, bounded by Asia and Australia in the west, and the Americas in the east. After 175 days in space, the first real space station came to an end. Pravda Pravda (Russian: Правда, "Truth", pronunciation ) was a leading newspaper of the Soviet Union and an official organ of the Central Committee of the Communist Party between 1912 and 1991 (October 26, 1971) reported that 75 percent of Salyut 1's studies were carried out by optical means and 20 percent by radio-technical means, while the remainder involved magneto-metrical, gravitational, or other measurements. Synoptic readings were taken in both the visible and invisible parts of the electromagnetic spectrum The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of all possible frequencies of electromagnetic radiation. The "electromagnetic spectrum" of an object is the characteristic distribution of electromagnetic radiation emitted or absorbed by that particular object.

References

  1. ^ a b Shayler, David; Rex Hall (2003). Soyuz: A Universal Spacecraft (Springer-Praxis Books in Astronomy and Space Sciences). Telos Pr. pp. 172-179. ISBN The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering (SBN) code created by Gordon Foster, now Emeritus Professor of Statistics at Trinity College, Dublin, for the booksellers and stationers W.H. Smith and others in 1966 1-85233-657-9. http://books.google.pl/books?id=dbGchpi1HP8C&pg=PA180&ei=uWzTS-jVHsiCOJb9xJYO&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAg#v=onepage.
  2. ^ G.A.Gurzadyan, J.B.Ohanesyan, Observed Energy Distribution of Lyra and Cen at 2000−3800 Å, Nature, vol.239, p. 90, 1972 [1]
  3. ^ Baker, Philip (2007). The story of manned space stations: an introduction. Berlin: Springer. pp. 25. ISBN The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering (SBN) code created by Gordon Foster, now Emeritus Professor of Statistics at Trinity College, Dublin, for the booksellers and stationers W.H. Smith and others in 1966 0-387-30775-3. http://books.google.pl/books?id=DdgIMOmcG0wC&pg=PA23&ei=9WvTS7naCc-ZOIy8vJ4O&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CEoQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q&f=false.

External links

Salyut program The Salyut program was the first space station program undertaken by the Soviet Union, which consisted of a series of nine single-module space stations launched over a period of eleven years from 1971 to 1982. Intended as a project to carry out long-term research into the problems of living in space and a variety of astronomical, biological and
Salyut stations (DOS) The Salyut program was the first space station program undertaken by the Soviet Union, which consisted of a series of nine single-module space stations launched over a period of eleven years from 1971 to 1982. Intended as a project to carry out long-term research into the problems of living in space and a variety of astronomical, biological and Salyut 1 (DOS-1) · DOS-2 DOS 2 was the name used to refer to a Salyut module. Launch by a Proton rocket was attempted July 29, 1972, but a second stage failure prevented the intended space station from reaching orbit. Instead it fell into the Pacific Ocean · Kosmos 557 (DOS-3) Kosmos 557 was the Salyut space station that Almaz had substituted for, designated DOS 3, and was launched on May 11, 1973, three days before the launch of Skylab. Due to errors in the flight control system while out of the range of ground control, the station fired its orbit-correction engines until it consumed all of its fuel. Since the · Salyut 4 (DOS-4) Salyut 4 (Russian: Салют-4; English translation: Salute 4) was a Salyut space station launched on December 26, 1974 into an orbit with an apogee of 355 km, a perigee of 343 km and an orbital inclination of 51.6 degrees. It was essentially a copy of the DOS 3, and unlike its ill-fated sibling it was a complete success. Three crews attempted to · Salyut 6 (DOS-5) Salyut 6 was a Soviet orbital space station, the eighth flown as part of the Salyut programme. Launched on 29 September 1977 by a Proton rocket, the station was the first of the 'second-generation' type of space station. Salyut 6 possessed several revolutionary advances over the earlier Soviet space stations, which it nevertheless resembled in · Salyut 7 (DOS-6) Salyut 7 was the final space station launched into Low Earth orbit as part of the Soviet Union's Salyut Program. Launched on April 19, 1982, on a Proton rocket from Site 200/40 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome in the USSR, Salyut 7 was part of the transition from "monolithic" to "modular" space stations, acting as a testbed for
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What was the first space station that humans lived and worked on?
Q. Was it the American "Skylab" or the Russian "Salyut 1"? Im pretty sure it was one of those two.
Asked by Lucie H - Fri Jul 27 08:38:34 2007 - - 7 Answers - 0 Comments

A. Salyut 1 was launched April 19, 1971 Skylab was launched May 14, 1973
Answered by Jeff M - Fri Jul 27 09:26:05 2007

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