Laika (from the Russian Russian is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages, and the largest native language in Europe. Russian belongs to the family of Indo-European languages and is one of three living members of the East Slavic languages, the others being Belarusian and Ukrainian (and possibly Rusyn,: Лайка, literally meaning "Barker" or "Howler") was a Soviet space dog (c. 1954–November 3, 1957) who became the first living mammal to orbit Historically, the apparent motion of the planets were first understood in terms of epicycles, which are the sums of numerous circular motions. This predicted the path of the planets quite well, until Johannes Kepler was able to show that the motion of the planets were in fact elliptical motions.[citation needed] Isaac Newton was able to prove that the Earth and the first orbital casualty. Little was known about the impact of space flight Spaceflight is the use of space technology to achieve the flight of spacecraft into and through outer space on living things at the time Laika's mission was launched. Some scientists believed humans would be unable to survive the launch or the conditions of outer space, so engineers viewed flights by non-human animals as a necessary precursor to human missions.^[1] The United States used chimpanzees Ham , also known as Ham the Chimp and Ham the Astrochimp, was the first hominid launched into outer space. Ham's name is an acronym for the lab that prepared him for his historic mission — the Holloman Aerospace Medical Center, located at Holloman Air Force Base in New Mexico; the Soviet The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , occasionally called the United Soviet Socialist Republic, was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. The name is a translation of the Russian: Союз Советских Социалистических Республик​ (help·info), tr. Soyuz Sovetskikh program elected to use dogs. Laika, a stray, originally named Kudryavka (Russian Russian is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages, and the largest native language in Europe. Russian belongs to the family of Indo-European languages and is one of three living members of the East Slavic languages, the others being Belarusian and Ukrainian (and possibly Rusyn,: кудрявка Little Curly-Haired One), underwent training with two other dogs, and was eventually chosen as the occupant of the Soviet spacecraft Sputnik 2 Sputnik 2 was the second spacecraft launched into Earth orbit, on November 3, 1957, and the first to carry a living animal, a dog named Laika. It was a 4 meters (13 feet) high cone-shaped capsule with a base diameter of 2 meters (6.5 ft). It contained several compartments for radio transmitters, a telemetry system, a programming unit, a that was launched into outer space on November 3, 1957. Sputnik 2 was not designed to be retrievable, and Laika had always been intended to die.^[2]

Laika died a few hours after launch, presumably from stress It includes a state of alarm and adrenaline production, short-term resistance as a coping mechanism, and exhaustion. Common stress symptoms include irritability, muscular tension, inability to concentrate and a variety of physical reactions, such as headaches and elevated heart rate and overheating Hyperthermia, in its advanced state referred to as heat stroke or sunstroke, is an acute condition which occurs when the body produces or absorbs more heat than it can dissipate. It is usually caused by prolonged exposure to high temperatures. The heat-regulating mechanisms of the body eventually become overwhelmed and unable to effectively deal, probably due to a malfunction in the thermal control system. The true cause and time of her death was not made public until 2002; instead, it was widely reported that she lived for several days.^[3] However, the experiment proved that a living passenger could survive being launched into orbit and endure weightlessness Weightlessness is a phenomenon experienced by people during free-fall. Although the term zero gravity is often used as a synonym, weightlessness in orbit is not the result of the force of gravity being eliminated or even significantly reduced . Weightlessness typically occurs when an object or person is falling freely, in orbit, in deep space (far. It paved the way for human spaceflight Spaceflight is the use of space technology to achieve the flight of spacecraft into and through outer space and provided scientists with some of the first data on how living organisms In biology, an organism is any living thing . In at least some form, all organisms are capable of response to stimuli, reproduction, growth and development, and maintenance of homeostasis as a stable whole. An organism may either be unicellular (single-celled) or be composed of, as in humans, many billions of cells grouped into specialized tissues react to spaceflight environments. On April 11, 2008, Russian officials unveiled a monument to Laika. A small monument in her honor was built near the military research facility in Moscow which prepared Laika's flight to space. It features a dog standing on top of a rocket.^[4][5]

Sputnik 2

After the success of Sputnik 1 Sputnik 1 (Russian: "Спутник-1" Russian pronunciation: [ˈsputnʲɪk], "Satellite-1", ПС-1 ) was the first Earth-orbiting artificial satellite. It was launched into a low altitude elliptical orbit by the Soviet Union on 4 October 1957, and was the first in a series of satellites collectively known as the Sputnik, Nikita Khrushchev Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (17 April 1894 – 11 September 1971) was a leader of the Soviet Union, serving as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964, following the death of Joseph Stalin, and Chairman of the Council of Ministers from 1958 to 1964. Khrushchev was responsible for the partial de-, the Soviet leader, wanted a spacecraft launched on November 7, the 40th anniversary of the Bolshevik Revolution The October Revolution , also known as the Soviet Revolution or Bolshevik Revolution, was a revolution and a part of the Russian Revolution—that began with an armed insurrection in Petrograd traditionally dated to 25 October 1917 Julian calendar (7 November 1917 Gregorian calendar). It was the second phase of the overall Russian Revolution of 191. A more sophisticated satellite was already under construction, but it would not be ready until December; this satellite would later become Sputnik 3 Sputnik 3 was a Soviet satellite launched on May 15, 1958 from Baikonur cosmodrome by a modified R-7/SS-6 ICBM. It was a research satellite to explore the upper atmosphere and the near space.^[6] To meet the November deadline, a new craft would have to be built.

But not just any craft - Khrushchev specifically wanted his engineers to deliver a "space spectacular," a mission that would repeat the triumph of Sputnik I, stunning the world with Soviet prowess. The planners settled on an orbital flight for a dog. Soviet rocket engineers had long intended to orbit a dog before attempting human space flight; since 1951, they had lofted 12 dogs into sub-orbital space on ballistic flights, working gradually toward an orbital mission - possibly some time in 1958. To satisfy Khrushchev's demands, the orbital dog flight was rushed into the pipeline for the November launch.^[7]

According to Russian sources, the official decision to launch Sputnik 2 was made on October 10 or 12, leaving the team only four weeks to design and build the spacecraft.^[2] Sputnik 2, therefore, was something of a rush job, with most elements of the spacecraft being constructed from rough sketches. Aside from the primary mission of sending a living passenger into space, Sputnik 2 also contained instrumentation for measuring solar radiation Sunlight, in the broad sense, is the total spectrum of the electromagnetic radiation given off by the Sun. On Earth, sunlight is filtered through the atmosphere, and the solar radiation is obvious as daylight when the Sun is above the horizon. Near the poles in summer, the days are longer and the nights are shorter or non-existent. In the winter and cosmic rays Cosmic rays are energetic particles originating from outer space that impinge on Earth's atmosphere. Almost 90% of all the incoming cosmic ray particles are protons, almost 10% are helium nuclei , and slightly under 1% are heavier elements and electrons (beta minus particles). The term ray is a misnomer, as cosmic particles arrive individually,.^[6]

The craft was equipped with a life-support system consisting of an oxygen generator and devices to avoid oxygen poisoning Oxygen toxicity is a condition resulting from the harmful effects of breathing molecular oxygen at elevated partial pressures. It is also known as oxygen toxicity syndrome, and oxygen intoxication. Historically, the central nervous system condition was called the Paul Bert effect, and the pulmonary condition the Lorrain Smith effect, after the and to absorb carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound composed of two oxygen atoms covalently bonded to a single carbon atom. It is a gas at standard temperature and pressure and exists in Earth's atmosphere in this state. A fan, designed to activate whenever the cabin temperature exceeded 15 °C (59 °F), was added to keep the dog cool. Enough food (in a gelatinous form) was provided for a seven-day flight, and the dog was fitted with a bag to collect waste. A harness was designed to be fitted to the dog, and there were chains to restrict her movements to standing, sitting or lying down; there was no room to turn around in the cabin. An electrocardiogram Electrocardiography is the recording of the electrical activity of the heart over time via skin electrodes. It is a noninvasive recording produced by an electrocardiographic device. The etymology of the word is derived from electro, because it is related to electrical activity, cardio, Greek for heart, graph, a Greek root meaning "to write& monitored heart rate and further instrumentation tracked respiration rate, maximum arterial pressure and the dog's movements.^[8][9]

Training

The dog who would later be named Laika was found as a stray wandering the streets of Moscow Moscow (Russian: Москвa, romanised: Moskva, IPA: [mɐˈskva] ; see also other names) is the capital and the largest city of Russia. It is also the largest metropolitan area in Europe, and ranks among the largest urban areas in the world. Moscow is a major political, economic, cultural, religious, financial, educational, and transportation. Soviet scientists chose to use Moscow strays since they assumed that such animals had already learned to endure conditions of extreme cold and hunger.^[7] This specimen was an eleven-pound^[10] mongrel female, approximately three years old. Another account reported that she weighed about 6 kg (13 lb). Soviet personnel gave her several names and nicknames, among them Kudryavka (Russian for Little Curly), Zhuchka (Little Bug) and Limonchik (Little Lemon). Laika, the Russian name for several breeds of dogs Dogs have been selectively bred for thousands of years, sometimes by inbreeding dogs from the same ancestral lines, sometimes by mixing dogs from very different lines. The process continues today, resulting in a wide variety of breeds, hybrids and types of dogs. Dogs are the only animal with such a wide variation in appearance, "from the similar to the husky Husky is a general term for several breeds of dogs used as sled dogs. Because of strength and stamina, the name "Husky" is used extensively for sports mascots. Huskies were originally used as sled dogs in northern regions but are now also kept as pets. Historically, the word "husky" is a corruption of the derogative term ", was the name popularized around the world. The American press dubbed her Muttnik (mutt A mixed-breed dog, also called a mutt, mongrel, tyke, cur, bitzer, or random-bred dog, is a dog that has characteristics of two or more types of breeds, or is a descendant of feral or pariah dog populations. The term mixed-breed can be a misnomer. Along with the term purebred dog, the idea that such dogs are a mix of defined breeds stems from an + suffix -nik) as a pun A pun, or paronomasia, is a form of word play that deliberately exploits ambiguity between similar-sounding words for humorous or rhetorical effect. Such ambiguity may arise from the intentional misuse of homophonical, homographical, homonymic, polysemic, metonymic, or metaphorical language on Sputnik The Sputnik program was a series of robotic spacecraft missions launched by the Soviet Union. The first of these, Sputnik 1, launched the first human-made object to orbit the Earth. That launch took place on October 4, 1957 as part of the International Geophysical Year and demonstrated the viability of using artificial satellites to explore the,^[11] or referred to her as Curly.^[12] Her true pedigree is unknown, although it is generally accepted that she was part husky or other Nordic breed, and possibly part terrier A terrier is a dog of any one of many breeds or landraces of terrier type, which are typically small, wiry, very active and fearless dogs.^[7] A Russian magazine described her temperament as phlegmatic Four Temperaments is a theory of psychology that stems from the ancient medical concept of four humors, or "humours" in UK English, saying that she did not quarrel with other dogs.^[10]

The Soviet Union and United States had previously sent animals only on sub-orbital flights.^[13] Three dogs were trained for the Sputnik 2 flight: Albina, Mushka, and Laika.^[14] Russian space-life scientist Oleg Gazenko selected and trained Laika.^[15] Albina flew twice on a high-altitude test rocket A rocket or rocket vehicle is a missile, spacecraft, aircraft or other vehicle which obtains thrust by the reaction of the rocket to the ejection of fast moving fluid exhaust from a rocket engine. Chemical rockets create their exhaust by the combustion of rocket propellant. The action of the exhaust against the inside of combustion chambers and, and Mushka was used to test instrumentation and life support Life support, in medicine is a broad term that applies to any therapy used to sustain a patients life while they are critically ill or injured. There are many therapies and techniques that may be used by clinicians to achieve the goal of sustaining life. Some examples include:.^[9][13]

To adapt the dogs to the confines of the tiny cabin of Sputnik 2, they were kept in progressively smaller cages for periods up to 20 days. The extensive close confinement caused them to stop urinating or defecating, made them restless, and caused their general condition to deteriorate. Laxatives Laxatives are foods, compounds, or drugs taken to induce bowel movements or to loosen the stool, most often taken to treat constipation. Certain stimulant, lubricant, and saline laxatives are used to evacuate the colon for rectal and bowel examinations, and may be supplemented by enemas in that circumstance. Sufficiently high doses of laxatives did not improve their condition, and the researchers found that only long periods of training proved effective. The dogs were placed in centrifuges A centrifuge is a piece of equipment, generally driven by an electric motor , that puts an object in rotation around a fixed axis, applying a force perpendicular to the axis. The centrifuge works using the sedimentation principle, where the centripetal acceleration causes heavier particles to move out along the radial direction (the bottom of the that simulated the acceleration of a rocket launch and were placed in machines that simulated the noises of the spacecraft. This caused their pulses to double and their blood pressure Blood pressure is the pressure (force per unit area) exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels, and constitutes one of the principal vital signs. The pressure of the circulating blood decreases as it moves away from the heart through arteries and capillaries, and toward the heart through veins. When unqualified, the term blood to increase by 30–65 torr The torr is a non-SI unit of pressure defined as 1⁄760 of a standard atmosphere, chosen to be roughly equal to the fluid pressure exerted by a millimeter of mercury. Note that the symbol is spelled exactly the same as the unit, but the symbol is capitalized, as is customary in metric units derived from names. It was named after Evangelista. The dogs were trained to eat a special high-nutrition gel that would be their food in space.^[9]

Before the launch, one of the scientists took Laika home to play with his children. In a book chronicling the story of Soviet space medicine, Dr. Vladimir Yazdovsky wrote, "I wanted to do something nice for her: She had so little time left to live."^[16]

Voyage

According to a NASA The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an agency of the United States government, responsible for the nation's public space program. NASA was established on July 29, 1958, by the National Aeronautics and Space Act document, Laika was placed in the satellite on October 31, 1957—three days before the start of the mission.^[9] At that time of year the temperatures at the launch site were extremely cold, and a hose connected to a heater was used to keep her container warm. Two assistants were assigned to keep a constant watch on Laika before launch. Just prior to liftoff on November 3, 1957 from Baikonur Cosmodrome The Baikonur Cosmodrome , also called Tyuratam, is the world's first and largest operational space launch facility. It is located in the desert steppes of Kazakhstan, about 200 kilometers (124 mi) east of the Aral Sea, north of the Syr Darya river, near Tyuratam railway station, at 90 meters above sea level. The facility derives its name from a, Laika's fur was sponged in a weak alcohol Ethanol, also called ethyl alcohol, pure alcohol, grain alcohol, or drinking alcohol, is a volatile, flammable, colorless liquid. It is a psychoactive drug, best known as the type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages and in modern thermometers. Ethanol is one of the oldest recreational drugs. In common usage, it is often referred to simply as solution and carefully groomed, while iodine Iodine , is a chemical element that has the symbol I and atomic number 53. Naturally-occurring iodine is a single isotope with 74 neutrons was painted onto the areas where sensors would be placed to monitor her bodily functions.^[17]

At peak acceleration Laika's respiration increased to between three and four times the pre-launch rate.^[9] The sensors showed her heart rate was 103 beats/min before launch and increased to 240 beats/min during the early acceleration. After reaching orbit, Sputnik 2's nose cone The term nose cone is used to refer to the forwardmost section of a rocket, guided missile or aircraft. The cone is shaped to offer minimum aerodynamic resistance. Nose cones are also designed for travel in and under water and in high speed land vehicles was jettisoned successfully, however the "Block A" core did not separate as planned, stopping the thermal control system from operating correctly. Some of the thermal insulation Heat energy can be transferred by conduction, convection, radiation or when undergoing a phase change. For the purposes of this discussion only the first three mechanisms need to be considered tore loose, raising the cabin temperature to 40 °C (104 °F).^[18] After three hours of weightlessness Weightlessness is a phenomenon experienced by people during free-fall. Although the term zero gravity is often used as a synonym, weightlessness in orbit is not the result of the force of gravity being eliminated or even significantly reduced . Weightlessness typically occurs when an object or person is falling freely, in orbit, in deep space (far, Laika's pulse rate had settled back to 102 beats/min,^[19] three times longer than it had taken during earlier ground tests, an indication of the stress she was under. The early telemetry Telemetry is a technology that allows the remote measurement and reporting of information of interest to the system designer or operator. The word is derived from Greek roots tele = remote, and metron = measure. Systems that need instructions and data sent to them in order to operate require the counterpart of telemetry, telecommand indicated that Laika was agitated but eating her food.^[18] After approximately five to seven hours into the flight, no further signs of life were received from the spacecraft.^[9]

The Russian scientists had planned to euthanize Laika with a poisoned serving of food. For many years, the Soviet Union gave conflicting statements that she had died either from oxygen starvation Asphyxia (from Greek a-, "without" and σφυγμός , "pulse, heartbeat") is a condition of severely deficient supply of oxygen to the body that arises from being unable to breathe normally. An example of asphyxia is choking. Asphyxia causes generalized hypoxia, which primarily affects the tissues and organs when the batteries failed, or that she had been euthanized. Many rumors circulated about the exact manner of her passing. In 1999, several Russian sources reported that Laika had died when the cabin overheated on the fourth day.^[2] In October 2002, Dr. Dimitri Malashenkov Dimitri Malashenkov was one of the Soviet scientists involved with the Sputnik 2 mission. He works for the Institute for Biomedical Problems in Moscow. In October 2002 he publicly revealed that Laika had died of overheating and stress just 5 - 7 hours into her flight, ending years of speculation about her true fate, one of the scientists behind the Sputnik 2 mission, revealed that Laika had died five to seven hours after launch from overheating and stress. According to a paper he presented to the World Space Congress in Houston, Texas Houston is the fourth-largest city in the United States and the largest city within the state of Texas. As of the 2008 U.S. Census estimate, the city has a population of 2.3 million within an area of 600 square miles (1,600 km²). Houston is the seat of Harris County and the economic center of the Houston–Sugar Land–Baytown metropolitan area—, "It turned out that it was practically impossible to create a reliable temperature control system in such limited time constraints."^[8]

Over five months later, after 2,570 orbits, Sputnik 2 disintegrated—along with Laika's remains—during re-entry on April 14, 1958.^[20]

Controversy

Due to the overshadowing issue of the Soviet vs. American Space Race The Space Race was an informal competition between the United States and the Soviet Union to see who could make the furthest advancements into space first. It involved the efforts to explore outer space with artificial satellites, to send humans into space, and to land them on the Moon, the ethical problems of this experiment went largely unaddressed for some time. As newspaper clippings from 1957 show,^[3] the press was more preoccupied with reporting the political perspective, while the health and retrieval—or lack thereof—of Laika was hardly mentioned.^{[citation needed]} Only later were there discussions regarding the fate of the dog—which some initially insisted be called Curly rather than Laika.

Sputnik 2 was not designed to be retrievable, and Laika had always been intended to die.^[2] The mission sparked a debate across the globe on the mistreatment of animals Cruelty to animals refers to the infliction of suffering or harm to animals, other than humans, as an end in and of itself. However, it has also been defined as causing harm for specific gain such as killing animals for food or fur use and animal testing in general to advance science.^[15] In the United Kingdom, the National Canine Defence League called on all dog owners to observe a minute's silence, while the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) received protests even before the Soviet Union had finished announcing the mission's success. Animal rights groups at the time called on members of the public to protest at Soviet embassies.^[21] Others demonstrated outside the United Nations in New York;^[15] nevertheless, laboratory researchers in the U.S. offered some support for the Russians, at least before the news of Laika's death.^[15][22]

In the Soviet Union, there was less controversy. Neither the media, books in the following years, nor the public openly questioned the decision to send a dog into space to die. It was not until 1998, after the collapse of the Soviet regime, that Oleg Gazenko, one of the scientists responsible for sending Laika into space, expressed regret for allowing her to die:

Work with animals is a source of suffering to all of us. We treat them like babies who cannot speak. The more time passes, the more I'm sorry about it. We shouldn't have done it... We did not learn enough from this mission to justify the death of the dog.^[3][20]

See also

Laika (dog breed)

Notes

1. ^ SPACE.com - Russia Opens Monument to Space Dog Laika
2. ^ ^{a b c d} Anatoly Zak (1999-11-03). "The True Story of Laika the Dog". http://www.space.com/news/laika_anniversary_991103.html. Retrieved on 2006-09-28.
3. ^ ^{a b c} "Message from the First Dog in Space Received 45 Years Too Late". Dogs in the News. 2002-11-03. http://dogsinthenews.com/issues/0211/articles/021103a.htm. Retrieved on 2006-10-04.
4. ^ "Russia opens monument to Laika, first dog in space". Associated Press, April 11, 2008. Retrieved on January 23, 2008.
5. ^ "Laika".accuweather.com. Retrieved on January 23, 2008.
6. ^ ^{a b} James J. Harford (1997). "Korolev's Triple Play: Sputniks 1, 2, and 3". NASA. http://history.nasa.gov/sputnik/harford.html. Retrieved on 2006-09-26.
7. ^ ^{a b c} Andrew J. LePage (1997). "Sputnik 2: The First Animal in Orbit". http://www.svengrahn.pp.se/histind/Sputnik2/SpaceViews%20November%201997%20Articles.htm. Retrieved on 2006-09-26.
8. ^ ^{a b} Malashenkov, D. C. (2002). "Abstract:Some Unknown Pages of the Living Organisms' First Orbital Flight". ADS. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002iaf..confE.288M. Retrieved on 2006-09-28.
9. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Sven Grahn. "Sputnik-2, more news from distant history". http://www.svengrahn.pp.se/histind/Sputnik2/sputnik2more.html. Retrieved on 2004-12-01.
10. ^ ^{a b} "Muscovites Told Space Dog Is Dead". New York Times, November 13, 1957, pg. 3.
11. ^ Tara Gray (1998). "A Brief History of Animals in Space". NASA. http://history.nasa.gov/animals.html. Retrieved on 2006-09-26.
12. ^ "Space Dog Lives". The British Library. http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/features/frontpage/spacedog.html. Retrieved on 2006-09-26.
13. ^ ^{a b} "Dogs in space". Space Today Online. 2004. http://www.spacetoday.org/Astronauts/Animals/Dogs.html. Retrieved on 2006-09-28.
14. ^ Dr David Whitehouse (2002-10-28). "First dog in space died within hours". BBC. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/2367681.stm. Retrieved on 2006-09-26.
15. ^ ^{a b c d} "Animals as Cold Warriors:Missiles, Medicine and Man's Best Friend". National Library of Medicine. 2006-06-19. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/animals/laika.html. Retrieved on 2006-09-28.
16. ^ Vladimir Isachenkov (2008-04-11). "Space dog monument opens in Russia". MSNBC. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/24069819/. Retrieved on 2008-04-15.
17. ^ "Memorial to Laika". http://www.novareinna.com/bridge/laika.html. Retrieved on 2006-09-26.
18. ^ ^{a b} "Sputnik 2". NASA. 2005-10-20. http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1957-002A. Retrieved on 2006-09-26.
19. ^ John B. West (01 October 2001). "Historical aspects of the early Soviet/Russian manned space program". Journal of Applied Psychology 91 (4): 1501–1511. PMID 11568130. http://jap.physiology.org/cgi/content/full/91/4/1501. Retrieved on 28 September.
20. ^ ^{a b} "The Story of Laika". moscowanimals.org. http://www.moscowanimals.org/laika/laika.html. Retrieved on 2006-09-26.
21. ^ "On this day". BBC. 1957-11-03. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/3/newsid_3191000/3191083.stm.
22. ^ "Human Guinea Pigs and Sputnik 2". National Society for Medical Research. November 1957. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/animals/images/laika7Big.jpg. Retrieved on 2006-09-28.

References

• Angliss, Sarah and Uttley, Colin. Science in the Dock: The man who trained the space dogs. Retrieved January 28, 2005.
• Anon. An Internet memorial to Laika. Retrieved September 1, 2004.
• Dubbs, Chris and Burgess, Colin. Animals In Space: From Research Rockets to the Space Shuttle, 2007.
• Grahn, Sven. Sputnik-2, more news from distant history. Retrieved September 1, 2004.
• Mars Exploration Rover Mission: Opportunity arrives at "Vostok". Retrieved March 24, 2005.
• NSSDC Master Catalog: Sputnik 2 (2003-11-26). Retrieved September 1, 2004.
• On This Day, November 3 - 1957: Russians launch dog into space. BBC News. Retrieved September 1, 2004.
• Soviet Fires New Satellite, Carrying Dog; Half-Ton Sphere Is Reported 900 Miles Up (November 3, 1957). New York Times.
• Whitehouse, David (October 28, 2002). First dog in space died within hours, BBC News Online.
• Zak, Anatoly (November 3, 1999). The True Story of Laika the Dog. space.com.

External links

• History of Sputnik Missions
• Sputnik 2 at Astronautix
• Original New York Times front page article, November 3, 1957 (via dogsinthenews.com)
• Laika memorial page

Categories: 1954 animal births | 1957 animal deaths | 1957 in space exploration | Animals in space | Famous dogs | Sputnik programme | Space program fatalities | Animal rights | Animal testing | Deaths in space

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